Staying active at 鈥渢hat time of the month鈥�

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This past August, her exuberance, emotion and enthusiasm had already made Fu Yuanhui the most famous Chinese athlete at the Olympics. After winning a bronze medal in the women鈥檚 100-meter backstroke with a personal best, she nearly exploded with excitement: 鈥淚 was so fast! I鈥檓 really pleased! I鈥檝e already鈥� expended my primordial powers!鈥� Her interview went viral with millions of hits worldwide.

Then she said something truly shocking: she was having her period. Noticing that the swimmer was grimacing after her relay team narrowly missed medaling, an interviewer asked if she had a stomachache. Yuanhui answered 鈥淚t鈥檚 because I just got my period yesterday, so I鈥檓 still a bit weak and really tired. But this isn鈥檛 an excuse for not swimming well.鈥�

When the New York Times, NPR and other media outlets covered the story of the Chinese swimmer who dared to mention that she was having her period as if it were the perfectly natural thing that it is, they focused on the fact that she鈥檇 violated a cultural taboo 鈥� indeed, it is virtually unheard of for women in China to publicly mention menstruation. But, they also missed an opportunity to counter the common misconception that menstruation impairs athletic performance or that it鈥檚 unsafe or inappropriate to swim while having your period.

Menstruation and athletics

I recall classmates in high school sitting out basketball practice because they had their periods. I assumed it was just because they weren鈥檛 feeling well. In fact, many girls have been told they are more likely to be injured, less likely to perform well, and that the best way to handle menses is to take it easy. Maybe. But the evidence for each of these is weak.

Injury

Much has been made about the apparent increased incidence of significant injuries 鈥� ankle sprains, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and others 鈥� in female athletes compared with their male counterparts. Blaming it on 鈥渉ormones鈥� is common. A 1989 study interviewed 84 female soccer players and found more reports of injuries during the premenstrual period and menstrual period, especially among those with premenstrual symptoms (such as irritability or breast discomfort). A 2007 study found that ACL injuries tended to occur more often during the first half of the menstrual cycle (in the week or two after the period). A 2009 study found that among eight healthy volunteers, hamstring flexibility increased at the mid-point of the menstrual cycle. That鈥檚 the point in the cycle that estrogen levels are rising or at their highest.

So it鈥檚 possible that variations in female hormones through the menstrual cycle change the function of bones, joints, tendons, or ligaments, and that these changes could have an impact on performance or likelihood of injury. Then again, these studies are simply observations of certain patterns 鈥� they don鈥檛 prove a connection between phases of the menstrual cycle and injury. In fact, we don鈥檛 know for sure whether the phase of the menstrual cycle truly has an important effect on tendency for injury. And if there is an effect, it鈥檚 not clear what to do about it.

Athletic performance

Studies find inconsistent effects on the impact of menstrual periods on athletic performance. For example:

a group of swimmers were found to have poorer performance just before their periods started, and improved times during menstruation
cross-country skiers were best just after their periods and after ovulation (which occurs midway between periods)

in yet another study, strength of handgrip and standing long jump distance were best during menstrual periods compared with other parts of the menstrual cycle.

A 1994 analysis reviewing the available research concluded that when it comes to having your period, 鈥溾€or most women there is no significant effect鈥� medals have been won and world records set in any phase of the menstrual cycle.鈥�

Even so, many women don鈥檛 feel well just before or during their periods and it seems reasonable that this could affect athletic performance. Anyone who is in pain, tired, or just not as sharp as usual may not perform at their highest potential. And in elite athletics (such as Olympic events) in which the difference between a gold medal and last place may be fractions of a second, surely feeling poorly could make a big difference. A 2009 study concluded that taking an anti-inflammatory medication (called diclofenac, a drug that鈥檚 similar to ibuprofen) led to reduced menstrual cramps and improved exercise performance. In fact, some athletes try to avoid the issue altogether: they take oral contraceptive pills or other hormones to avoid having their periods during important athletic events.

The bottom line

There is much we don鈥檛 understand about the relationship between the menstrual cycle and athletic injuries or athletic performance in women. It鈥檚 probably true that individual factors, including overall health, type of exercise, degree of conditioning, and nutritional status matter more than the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Clearly, women with premenstrual or menstrual symptoms may not feel like exercising. But there is no compelling evidence that exercise or athletic activities should be avoided or altered based only on what part of the menstrual cycle you鈥檙e in. Good training may reduce the risks of injury and enhance performance much more than trying to time exercise around one鈥檚 periods.

Many have commended Fu Yuanhui for being so forthright about having her period even though it violated a longstanding taboo, but she could also be commended for avoiding the temptation to blame her period for a disappointing performance.