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The trial of Larry Nasser, the physician who sexually abused female gymnasts, has been deeply disturbing. It鈥檚 hard to fathom how he managed to abuse hundreds of girls for so many years. Sadly, this can happen with sexual abuse. Very often, the perpetrator is someone known to the family, someone they may even trust. Very often, victims don鈥檛 understand that what is happening to them is abuse 鈥� and very often, talking about it is hard because of shame and fear.

As a society, we need to do a better job of protecting our children. But there are also lessons that parents can teach their children that can help keep them safe. Here are from the American Academy of Pediatrics:

1.聽 Teach children the names of their body parts. It can feel awkward, as we sometimes think of words like 鈥減enis鈥� or 鈥渧agina鈥� as words that shouldn鈥檛 be used in regular conversation 鈥� and words we don鈥檛 want our preschoolers saying to other children at the playground. But by teaching them the actual names of all of their body parts, including their genitals, we do two important things: we give them the proper words to use to tell us should something happen, and we let children know that you are allowed to talk about all of your body parts, including your genitals.

2.聽 Make sure children know that not only are genitals 鈥減rivate,鈥� but that nobody should touch them in a way that makes them feel uncomfortable. Another way of thinking of this is as 鈥済ood touches鈥� and 鈥渂ad touches.鈥� Any touch anywhere that is unwelcome, or feels inappropriate for the situation, is something that children should tell their parents about. This is important because often sexual abuse can begin in insidious ways, with perpetrators showing affection that isn鈥檛 sexual 鈥� extra hugs, touching an arm or a leg, a kiss.

This does not mean that every touch on the arm from a grownup is bad. The vast majority are perfectly fine. But it鈥檚 important to help children listen to their instincts and to teach them to let parents know about any touches. Parents, too, need to listen when a child tells them about a touch that made them uncomfortable. Never brush it off. Always take it seriously, ask questions, and understand what it was that made it uncomfortable.

3.聽 Teach children that it鈥檚 not okay for a grownup to ask them to keep a secret. Okay, maybe they shouldn鈥檛 tell Mommy what Daddy has planned for her birthday. But in general, it鈥檚 not a good idea, and as with touches, secrets can start as small and seemingly innocent.

4.聽 Create an environment where it鈥檚 okay to talk about sex. Sometimes what keeps a child from saying anything is that it feels awkward and shameful. Teaching the appropriate names for body parts is a start, but as children grow, keep up the conversation. Talk about body changes, body image, sexuality, and healthy relationships. When there are sexual images or messages in the media, instead of ignoring them, use them as conversation starters. And when there are events in the news such as the Nasser case, use them as an opportunity to reiterate messages around good/bad touches and secrets. Let children know that these are topics that you are happy to discuss.

In general, talking about sex is hard for parents. We want our children to stay innocent. But by allowing and encouraging conversations, not only do we set our children on a path toward healthier relationships, but we also help keep them safe.